Oral health is a fundamental component of overall health, but its implications extend far beyond the oral cavity, directly and indirectly influencing functioning of the major biological systems in the body. In recent decades, interdisciplinary research has highlighted a significant association between dental conditions, particularly chronic periodontal disease and untreated dental caries, and a number of systemic pathologies with major impact on public health. Thus, this review summarizes the evidence provided in literature, highlighting the link between oral health and cognitive health and the pathogenic mechanisms underlying it.