Oral diseases remain among the most prevalent chronic health conditions worldwide, with increasing evidence demonstrating that genetic factors contribute significantly to individual susceptibility alongside environmental influences. This review synthesizes current literature regarding the genetic background and pathogenic mechanisms involved in three major dental conditions: dental caries, periodontitis, and dental agenesis. In dental caries, genetic polymorphisms affecting enamel formation (e.g., AMELX and ENAM) and salivary antimicrobial defense (DEFB1 and LTF) may alter susceptibility by influencing tooth structure and host defense against cariogenic microorganisms. Periodontitis is characterized by a dysbiotic microbial biofilm and an exaggerated inflammatory response, with polymorphisms in immune-related genes such as IL1B and IL6 contributing to disease progression and severity. Dental agenesis results primarily from disruptions in odontogenesis, with mutations in key developmental genes including PAX9, MSX1, WNT10A, and EDA leading to hypodontia, oligodontia, or anodontia. The reviewed evidence highlights the complex interaction between genetic predisposition, microbial factors, and environmental influences in oral diseases. A deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms supports the development of personalized approaches for risk assessment, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in modern dental practice.
Keywords: genetics; oral diseases; dental caries; periodontitis; dental agenesis; genetic polymorphisms; pathogenic mechanisms; odontogenesis.