Population aging represents one of the most significant challenges for modern healthcare systems, leading to a substantial increase in the number of individuals requiring dental care tailored to geriatric specificities. Oral health directly influences masticatory function, nutrition, communication, and quality of life, while also being closely correlated with general health status. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a narrative literature review of the primary oral changes associated with the aging process, specific dental conditions in geriatric patients, and their implications for systemic health. Recent scientific articles concerning physiological changes of the oral cavity, root caries, periodontal disease, edentulism, xerostomia, and oral hypofunction syndrome were analysed, alongside the bidirectional relationship between oral health and chronic diseases. The literature highlights that most oral conditions encountered in older adults result from the interaction among biological changes associated with aging, systemic diseases, polypharmacy, and behavioural factors. These conditions lead to a reduction in oral function, promote malnutrition and frailty, and are associated with an increased risk of systemic complications and a decline in quality of life. The conclusions of this analysis emphasize the importance of prevention, early diagnosis, and a multidisciplinary approach in the management of geriatric patients. Integrating oral health assessment into routine medical care and developing preventive programs tailored to older adults can contribute to maintaining oral function, reducing complications, and promoting healthy aging.