Artificial food colors (AFCs) are widely used additives to improve the visual appearance of processed foods and beverages. Recent studies suggest that these compounds may have adverse effects on oral health. In addition, the interaction of synthetic dyes with oral biofilms may contribute to changes in microbial composition, favoring cariogenic and pathogenic bacteria. Clinical implications are discussed in terms of increased susceptibility to dental erosion, staining, hypersensitivity, and periodontal complications. The aim of this review is to explore the potential impact of AFCs on dental structures and the oral microbiome, with focus on enamel integrity, tooth discoloration, caries progression, and possible inflammatory responses in gingival tissues. Although existing data highlights potential risks, further research is needed to clarify the dose‑dependent effects and the mechanisms underlying them.