Artificial food colorings (AFCs) are widely used in processed foods, beverages, and snacks. Recent studies suggest that these additives may influence behavior and cognitive functions, particularly in children and adults with attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence indicates that certain individuals, especially children with genetic or environmental susceptibility, may exhibit heightened sensitivity, leading to an exacerbation of ADHD symptoms following consumption of colorants. Possible mechanisms include alterations in neurotransmitter activity, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and genetic vulnerability. Although some results are contradictory, the overall data suggests a potential influence of AFCs on children’s behavior, even among those without an ADHD diagnosis, potentially affecting classroom performance and daily functioning. This review examines the literature on the relationship between AFC consumption and ADHD symptoms, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention difficulties. This dual perspective emphasizes the need to consider both neurobehavioral and dental impacts of AFCs, particularly in children who are most affected.