Oral microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem essential for maintaining oral homeostasis. Disturbances in this balance, known as oral dysbiosis, can result from poor oral hygiene, inappropriate antibiotic use, and unhealthy lifestyle habits. Dysbiosis promotes overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms, leading to persistent biofilm formation and chronic inflammation in the oral cavity. It is strongly associated with major dental diseases, including dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Current treatments rely on antiseptics, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents; however, their long-term use is limited by antimicrobial resistance, adverse effects, and disruption of beneficial microbiota. Medicinal plant extracts have emerged as promising alternatives or complementary approaches for oral disease management. Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential oils exhibit antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory activities against key oral pathogens, including Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review summarizes the effects of medicinal plants on oral microbiota and their potential in developing novel oral health strategies.